Unusual popular plastic surgeries Nowadays the correction of appearance has become an ordinary thing; plastic surgery, in particular, has become very popular. Rhinoplasty (plastic surgery of the nose), mammoplasty (plastic surgery of breasts) and liposuction (removal of fat in a specific area of the body) are all commonplace. But plastic surgeons are always ready to offer their clients some new ways of changing the appearance that meet the latest fashion trends. We found out what surgeries are currently trendy and what else people are ready to do to create an ideal image. https://www.hanxinclinic.com/index.php/2019/09/27/unusual-popular-plastic-surgeries/
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Parkinson disease-2 in previous discussion we have discussed Definition of parkinson’s disease Causes of Parkinson disease Risk factors for Parkinson disease Sign and symptoms of Parkinson disease so today we will continue our discussion with How is Parkinson disease diagnosed? Diagnosing Parkinson in the early stages can be difficult. At first, signs and symptoms may look like other conditions or the effects of normal aging. For this reason, your doctor may want to monitor your symptoms for some time until they are consistently present. Currently, there are no blood or lab tests to diagnose Parkinson. Diagnosis of Parkinson is based mainly on a medical history and thorough neurological exam. Brain scans or lab tests may be done to help rule out other diseases or conditions, but brain scans generally will turn out to be normal with Parkinson. Methods to diagnose Parkinson include: Neurological exam: (including evaluation of symptoms and their severity) Trial test
Parkinson disease Parkinson disease (or, simply, Parkinson) is the most common form of Parkinsonism, a group of motor system disorders. It is a slowly progressing, degenerative disease caused by the loss of dopamine-producing brain cells. Dopamine is a substance made in the body that helps with smooth and coordinated muscle movement. Parkinson is usually associated with these symptoms: Tremor or trembling of the arms, jaw, legs, and face Stiffness or rigidity of the limbs and trunk Slowness of movement (bradykinesia) Impaired balance and coordination Causes of Parkinson disease: The cause of Parkinson is unknown. Medical experts believe the symptoms are related to a chemical imbalance in the brain caused by brain-cell death. Parkinson is chronic, and symptoms grow worse over time. Although the disease may appear in younger people (even teenagers), it usually affects people in late middle age. It is not contagious. https://www.hanxinclinic.com/index.php/2019/09/24/parkin
Latex allergy Natural rubber latex is a milky fluid found in rubber trees. There is a protein in the fluid that can cause allergic reactions in some people. Somegloves, condoms, balloons, rubber bands, erasers, and toys are made using this natural rubber latex. Reactions to latex products happen when it comes incontact with the person’s skin, mucous membranes (like the nostrils, mouth, or rectum), or the bloodstream (during surgery). For example, some people may react when blowing up a rubber balloon or breathing in powder from the inside of latex gloves. There are 2 types of latex allergy. One type can cause an immediate reaction, like someone with a peanut allergy may have after eating a peanut. The other type, which is much more common, causes a delayed skin rash, similar to a reaction from poison ivy. Sign and symptoms of latex allergy: Symptoms of latex allergy include: https://www.hanxinclinic.com/index.php/2019/09/23/latex-allergy/
Whiplash injury What is a whiplash? Whiplash is an injury to your neck. It is caused by your neck bending forcibly forward and then backward, or vice versa. The injury, which is poorly understood, usually involves the muscles, discs, nerves, and tendons in your neck. whiplash causes: Most whiplash injuries result from a collision that includes sudden acceleration or deceleration. Many whiplash injuries occur when you are involved in a rear-end automobile collision. They also happen as a result of a sports injury, particularly during contact sports. Sign and symptoms of whiplash: These are the most common symptoms of whiplash: Neck pain Neck stiffness Shoulder pain Low back pain Dizziness Pain in your arm or hand Numbness in your arm or hand Ringing in your ears Blurred vision Concentration or memory problems Irritability Sleeplessness Tiredness The symptoms of whiplash may look like other conditions and medical problems. Always see your healthcare provid
Hemorrhoids-2 In previous discussion we have discussed Definition of hemorrhoids Causes of hemorrhoids Risk factors of hemorrhoids? Sign and symptoms of hemorrhoids? How are hemorrhoids diagnosed? so today we will continue with How are hemorrhoids treated? Your healthcare provider will create a care plan for you based on: Your age, overall health, and past health How serious your case is How well you handle certain medicines, treatments, or therapies If your condition is expected to get worse What you would like to do The main goal of treatment is to reduce your symptoms. This may be done by: Sitting in plain, warm water in a bathtub several times a day Using ice packs to reduce swelling Using hemorrhoid creams or medicines inserted into your rectum (suppositories) Your healthcare provider may also suggest that you add more fiber and fluids to your diet to help soften your stools. Having softer stools means you don’t have to strain during bowel moveme
Hemorrhoids What are hemorrhoids? Hemorrhoids are when the veins or blood vessels in and around your anus and lower rectum become swollen and irritated. This happens when there is extra pressure on these veins. Hemorrhoids can be either inside your anus (internal) or under the skin around your anus (external). Hemorrhoids are very common in both men and women. About half of all people will have hemorrhoids by age 50. Many women get hemorrhoids during pregnancy and childbirth. The pressure of carrying a baby in your abdomen puts extra stress on the blood vessels in your pelvic area. Straining to push the baby out when giving birth also puts extra pressure on these blood vessels. Causes of hemorrhoids: You may get hemorrhoids if you: Often strain during bowel movements Are pregnant Have a family history of hemorrhoids Are older Have long-term or chronic constipation or diarrhea https://www.hanxinclinic.com/index.php/2019/09/20/hemorrhoids/
Fractures and injuries-2 In previous discussion we have discussed what is a fracture? Types of fractures What causes fractures? Symptoms of a fracture? fracture diagnosis so today we will continue our discussion with How is a fracture treated? The goal of treatment is to put the pieces of bone back in place, control the pain, give the bone time to heal, prevent complications, and restore normal use of the fractured area. Treatment may include: Splint or cast: This immobilizes the injured area to keep the bone in alignment. It protects the injured area from motion or use while the bone heals. Medicine: This may be needed to control pain. Traction: Traction is the use of a steady pulling action to stretch certain parts of the body in a certain direction. Traction often uses pulleys, strings, weights, and a metal frame attached over or on the bed. The purpose of traction is to stretch the muscles and tendons around the broken bone to help the bone ends to align and
Fractures and injuries what is a fracture? A fracture is a partial or complete break in the bone. When a fracture happens, it’s classified as either open or closed: Open fracture (also called compound fracture): The bone pokes through the skin and can be seen, or a deep wound exposes the bone through the skin. Closed fracture (also called simple fracture). The bone is broken, but the skin is intact. Fractures have a variety of names. Here is a listing of the common types that may happen: https://www.hanxinclinic.com/index.php/2019/09/18/fractures-and-injuries/
Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD)-3 in previous 2 discussions we have discussed Definition of COPD ASTHMA Bronchiectasis Chronic Bronchitis so today we will continue our discussion with Emphysema A permanent dilatation of any part of the air spaces distal to the terminal bronchiole with destruction of tissue but no scarring. It is a common condition with increasing incidence with age, and is more common in males than in females. Pathogenesis: The imbalance of protease-antiprotease and oxidant-antioxidant Current opinion favors emphysema arising as a consequence of two critical imbalances: the protease-antiprotease imbalance and oxidant-antioxidant imbalance Chronic bronchitis The destructive structure of airway wall The mucus plug Destruction of respiratory tissue leads to a loss of elastic recoil in the lungs and a decreased area available for gas exchange. α1-antitrypsin inactivated or absent, resluting in continued activity of th
Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD)-2 in previous discussion we have discussed Definition of COPD ASTHMA so today we will continue our discussion with Bronchiectasis Bronchiectasis = bronchiolar +dialation A disease state defined by the permanent, irreversible dilation of the bronchial tree caused by destruction of the muscle and elastic supporting tissue. Secondary to chronic bronchitis,measles and pertussis Pathogenesis: obstruction and chronic persistent infection (S.aureus, Klebsiella Anaerobes) Secondary to chronic bronchitis,Measles and Pertussis Bacterial infection with virulent organisms: S.aureus, Klebsiella Anaerobes Location: lower lobes focal or diffuse Obvious dilated bronchus or bronchioles with thickened wall Typical clinical manifestation Persistent or recurrent cough with purulent sputum. Haemoptysis https://www.hanxinclinic.com/index.php/2019/09/16/chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-diseases-copd-2/
Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD) A group of diseases characterized by limitation of airflow usually resulting from an increase in resistance from partial or complete obstruction at any level. Epidemiology of COPD: Globally, as of 2010, COPD affected approximately 329 million people (4.8% of the population). Between 1990 and 2010 the number of deaths from COPD decreased slightly from 3.1 million to 2.9 million and became the fourth leading cause of death. In 2012 it became the third leading cause as the number of deaths rose again to 3.1 million. more common in older people ASTHMA: Asthma is a bronchial hypersensitivity disorder characterized by reversible airway obstruction, produced by a combination of mucosal edema, constriction of the bronchial musculature, and excessivesecretion of viscid mucus, causing mucous plugs. Asthma is a chronic lung disease that obstructs airflow The obstruction is reversible It involves dyspnea due to –Inflammation (
Parkinson disease Parkinson disease (or, simply, Parkinson) is the most common form of Parkinsonism, a group of motor system disorders. It is a slowly progressing, degenerative disease caused by the loss of dopamine-producing brain cells. Dopamine is a substance made in the body that helps with smooth and coordinated muscle movement. Parkinson is usually associated with these symptoms: Tremor or trembling of the arms, jaw, legs, and face Stiffness or rigidity of the limbs and trunk Slowness of movement (bradykinesia) Impaired balance and coordination Causes of Parkinson disease: The cause of Parkinson is unknown. Medical experts believe the symptoms are related to a chemical imbalance in the brain caused by brain-cell death. https://www.hanxinclinic.com/index.php/2019/09/24/parkinson-disease/
Tuberculosis-3 in previous 2 discussions we have discussed Definition of tuberculosis Etiology of tuberculosis Epidemiology of tuberculosis Two types of cells are essential in the formation of TB Human Immunity after infected tubercle bacillus and tuberculin hypersensitivity Outcomes Rule of mutual conversion of 3 changes Primary/Secondary pulmonary tuberculosis two type of Hematogenous Tuberculosis so in this discussion we will continue with third type of Hematogenous Tuberculosis Extrapulmonary tuberculosis: Intestinal TB Tuberculous pleurisy Tuberculous meningitis Tuberculosis of genitourinary system Tuberculosis of bone and joint Lymph node tuberculosis https://www.hanxinclinic.com/index.php/2019/09/14/tuberculosis-3/
Latex allergy Natural rubber latex is a milky fluid found in rubber trees. There is a protein in the fluid that can cause allergic reactions in some people. Somegloves, condoms, balloons, rubber bands, erasers, and toys are made using this natural rubber latex. Reactions to latex products happen when it comes incontact with the person’s skin, mucous membranes (like the nostrils, mouth, or rectum), or the bloodstream (during surgery). For example, some people may react when blowing up a rubber balloon or breathing in powder from the inside of latex gloves. There are 2 types of latex allergy. One type can cause an immediate reaction, like someone with a peanut allergy may have after eating a peanut. The other type, which is much more common, causes a delayed skin rash, similar to a reaction from poison ivy. Sign and symptoms of latex allergy: Symptoms of latex allergy include: Itchy or watery eyes Wheezing or whistling sound with breathing Hives or raised, itchy bumps on the
Tuberculosis-2 in previous discussion we have discussed Definition of tuberculosis Etiology of tuberculosis Epidemiology of tuberculosis Two types of cells are essential in the formation of TB Human Immunity after infected tubercle bacillus and tuberculin hypersensitivity Outcomes so let’s continue our discussion with Rule of mutual conversion of 3 changes: Primary pulmonary tuberculosis: The lung is the most common site. Previously unexposed and unsensitized persons may be easliy infected. The inhaled bacilli proliferate in the alveoli at the periphery of lungs. Characteristic: The primary complex or Ghon complex Ghon focus Parenchymal tubercle https://www.hanxinclinic.com/index.php/2019/09/14/tuberculosis-2/
Tuberculosis Definition: A communicable chronic granulomatous disease caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis. Characterized by the formation of tubercular granuloma Clinically: insidious, low-grade fever and remittent, night sweats, sputum with or without hemoptysis,pleuritic pain capable of being transmitted by infection /A communicable disease is one that can be passed on to other people.characterized by periods of diminished severity. Etiology: Pathogen – Mycobacterium tuberculosis M. hominis M. bovis M. avium-intracellulare (few but common in HIV + individual) Transmitting route Respiratory （airborne droplet） Intestinal Skin wound Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) is a pathogenic bacteria species in the family mycobacteriaceae and the causative agent of most cases of tuberculosis (TB). First discovered in 1882 by Robert Koch, M. tuberculosis has an unusual, waxy coating on its cell surface (primarily mycolic acid), which makes the cells impervio
Whiplash injury What is a whiplash? Whiplash is an injury to your neck. It is caused by your neck bending forcibly forward and then backward, or vice versa. The injury, which is poorly understood, usually involves the muscles, discs, nerves, and tendons in your neck. whiplash causes: Most whiplash injuries result from a collision that includes sudden acceleration or deceleration. Many whiplash injuries occur when you are involved in a rear-end automobile collision. They also happen as a result of a sports injury, particularly during contact sports. Sign and symptoms of whiplash: These are the most common symptoms of whiplash: Neck pain Neck stiffness Shoulder pain Low back pain Dizziness Pain in your arm or hand Numbness in your arm or hand Ringing in your ears Blurred vision Concentration or memory problems Irritability Sleeplessness Tiredness https://www.hanxinclinic.com/index.php/2019/09/22/whiplash-injury/
Obstructive and restrictive lung diseases Obstructive vs Restrictive Defect: Obstructive Disorders Characterized by a limitation of expiratory airflow so that airways cannot empty as rapidly compared to normal (such as through narrowed airways from bronchospasm, inflammation, etc.) Examples: Asthma Emphysema bronchiecstasis Restrictive Disorders Characterized by reduced lung volumes/decreased lung compliance Examples : 1-ACUTE ARDS 2-CHRONIC Interstitial Fibrosis Sarcoidosis silicosis Obesity Neuromuscular diseases lung resection https://www.hanxinclinic.com/index.php/2019/09/12/obstructive-and-restrictive-lung-diseases/
Lung Carcinoma Origin: mostly bronchial epithelium the most frequently diagnosed cancer in the world the most common cause of cancer mortality worldwide Ages: 40-70 y, males > females Epidemiology: ETIOLOGIES: Tobacco Smoking Industrial hazards and air pollution Molecular genetics Histogenesis: Bronchial columnar epithelium→metaplasia→dysplasia→Squamous cell carcinoma Bronchial columnar epithelium and glandular epithelium→Adenocarcinoma Clara cell → bronchioloalveolar carcinoma Type II pneumocytes Neuroendocrine argentaffin (Kulchitsky) cells → Small cell lung carcinoma neuroendocrine cells (unclear) → Large cell lung carcinoma Morphology: Grossly Central (bronchogenic) carcinoma Peripheral carcinoma Diffuse type (rare) https://www.hanxinclinic.com/index.php/2019/09/12/lung-carcinoma/
Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: Origin: nasopharyngeal epithelial cell Region: Guangdong, South China Ages: 40-59 y, males > females Affected sites ： commonly seen in the roof of nasopharynx lateral wall lateral pharyngeal fossa (Rosenmuller’s cavity) Etiology: Environment: —-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, nitrosamine https://www.hanxinclinic.com/index.php/2019/09/11/nasopharyngeal-carcinoma/