Tuberculosis

Definition:

  • A communicable chronic granulomatous disease caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis.
  • Characterized by the formation of tubercular granuloma
  • Clinically: insidious, low-grade fever and remittent, night sweats, sputum with or without hemoptysis,pleuritic pain
  • capable of being transmitted by infection /A communicable disease is one that can be passed on to other people.characterized by periods of diminished severity.

Etiology:

Pathogen

–Mycobacterium tuberculosis
  • M. hominis
  • M. bovis
  • M. avium-intracellulare (few but common in HIV + individual)

Transmitting route

  • Respiratory （airborne droplet）
  • Intestinal
  • Skin wound
  • Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) is a pathogenic bacteria species in the family mycobacteriaceae  and the causative agent of most cases of tuberculosis (TB). First discovered in 1882 by Robert Koch, M. tuberculosis has an unusual, waxy coating on its cell surface (primarily mycolic acid), which makes the cells impervious to Gram staining.Acid-fast detection techniques are used instead. The physiology of M. tuberculosis is highly aerobic and requires high levels of oxygen. Primarily a pathogen of the mammalian respiratory system,  MTB infects the lungs. The most frequently used diagnostic methods for TB are the tuberculin skin test, acid-fast stain, and chest radiographs.

Epidemiology:

  • An ancient infectious disease
  • Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the top 10 causes of death worldwide.
  • Over 95% of TB deaths occur in low- and middle-income countries.
  • Six countries account for 60% of the total, with India leading the count, followed by Indonesia, China, Nigeria, Pakistan and South Africa.

https://www.hanxinclinic.com/index.php/2019/09/13/tuberculosis/

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