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Reversible cell injury (Degeneration)-4 In previous discussion we have discussed Concept of reversible injury Types of reversible injury Cellular Swelling Fatty Change ( Steatosis ) Hyaline degeneration Amyloidosis So now we will continue our discussion with Mucoid  Degeneration: Definition: Mucopolysaccharide (hyaluronic acid) and protein accumulated in stroma. Under LM: astroid fibrocytes scatter in gray-blue mucoid substance. https://www.hanxinclinic.com/index.php/2019/12/27/reversible-cell-injury-degeneration-4/

Reversible cell injury (Degeneration)-3 In previous discussion we have discussed Concept of reversible injury Types of reversible injury Cellular Swelling Fatty Change ( Steatosis ) So now we will continue our discussion with Hyaline degeneration : Translucent protein accumulate in cell or stroma, which characterized by homogeneous eosinophilic appearance on HE-stained section. Hyaline = Transparent https://www.hanxinclinic.com/index.php/2019/12/25/reversible-cell-injury-degeneration-3/

Reversible cell injury (Degeneration)-2 In previous discussion we have discussed Concept of reversible injury Types of reversible injury Cellular Swelling So now we will continue our discussion with Fatty Change (  Steatosis  ): Definition: Accumulation of fat in non-fatty cells is called fatty change, or steatosis https://www.hanxinclinic.com/index.php/2019/12/24/reversible-cell-injury-degeneration-2/

Reversible cell injury (Degeneration) Concept of reversible injury: Intracellular or intercellular accumulation of abnormal substance or over quantities of normal substance resulted from cell dysbolism. Types  of reversible injury : The types of Reversible injury include following. https://www.hanxinclinic.com/index.php/2019/12/23/reversible-cell-injury-degeneration/

Cell injury-3 In previous discussion we have discussed Definition and explanation of cell injlury Mechanism of injury Initiate Step- Membrane Injury Normal cell VS Damaged cell Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Cell Injury Over Oxygen Free Radical Production Final step of cell injury (High Concentration of Cytosolic Free Calcium) So now we will continue our discussion with Steps of injury: This is the relation of 3 changes in injury. Membrane injury often is earliest event, and ATP depletion is the beginning of most injury. So we take the Membrane injury as key step in injury. If membrane change is not so severe and short, the injury can be reversible. But membrane injury often trigger over free radicals production and high intracellular free calcium. That will aggravate the cell injury. Over free radicals production is also commonest event in injury. We have know that many harmful stimulators can cause that. So we take this change as basic step in injury. Once high in

CELL INJURY-2 In previous discussion we have discussed Definition and explanation of cell injlury Mechanism of injury Initiate Step- Membrane Injury Normal cell VS Damaged cell Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Cell Injury So now we will continue our discussion with Over Oxygen Free Radical Production: MECHANISMS OF FREE RADICAL-INDUCED CELL INJURY Free radical over producing is a key event in the procedure of cell injury. Free radicals are chemical species with a single unpaired electron in an outer orbital. It is extremely unstable and prone to react with inorganic  or organic chemicals. It binds to large molecules such as nucleic acids and proteins, change the later’s normal structure, initiate the autocatalytic  reactions. Broken large molecules to produce more free radicals, the cascade  goes on. https://www.hanxinclinic.com/index.php/2019/12/07/cell-injury-2-2/

CELL INJURY Mechanism of injury: 4 important events are: membrane damage mitochondrion damage and depletion of ATP Influx of calcium Accumulation of oxygen-derived free radicals Many metabolic activity will stop without ATP. Membrane damage not only refer to the plasma membrane but also to those organelles membrane, especially mitochondria, lysosome and endoplasmic reticulum. All of them are bilayer lipid membrane. If the intact of membrane is broken, mitochondria will reduce the production of ATP for oxidative phosphorylation being damaged, often is the earliest event. Damaged RER slow down the rate of protein synthesis for detachment of ingredient from ER. Later a lot of calcium release from mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum （both are intracellular calcium store), resulting in increase of cytosol calcium concentration, which is fatal to cell. Meanwhile, The membrane of lysosome breaks down, various hydrolases leak in the cytoplasm to digest the protein, lipid an

Skin pigment disorders Skin color is determined by a pigment (melanin) made by specialized cells in the skin (melanocytes). The amount and type of melanin determines a person’s skin color. The function of melanin: Melanin gives color to the skin, hair, and iris of the eyes. Levels of melanin depend on race and amount of sunlight exposure. Sun exposure increases melanin production to protect the skin against harmful ultraviolet rays. In addition, hormonal changes can affect melanin production. https://www.hanxinclinic.com/index.php/2019/12/04/skin-pigment-disorders/

Erectile dysfunction (impotence)-2 In previous discussion we have discussed Definition & explanation of Erectile dysfunction (impotence) Causes of erectile dysfunction Risk factors for erectile dysfunction Sign and symptoms of erectile dysfunction Diagnosis of erectile dysfunction So now we will continue our discussion with Treatment for erectile dysfunction: Treatment for ED is based on the cause of the problem. Some of the treatments that may be used include: Lifestyle changes  such as cutting back on alcohol, quitting smoking, losing weight, and increasing physical activity Reviewing your medicines  and cutting back on or changing those that may be linked to ED https://www.hanxinclinic.com/index.php/2019/12/01/erectile-dysfunction-impotence-2/